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Although they find a strong positive relationship, the correlation between efficiency and spending, like that between taxes and spending, may reflect reverse causation or omitted variables.
We noted exceptionally high risks for HIV infection associated with HSV-2 infection among women and men, but this may reflect reverse causality, as HIV may facilitate diagnosis of HSV-2 by aggravating its clinical symptoms [4].
Indeed, some of the associations observed (e.g., HIV and condom use) may reflect reverse causation.
Thus, if changes in body weight occur as a consequence of the development of cancers, the cross-sectional findings in this study may reflect reverse causality.
The beneficial effects on cancer survival may reflect reverse causation, if low PA resulted from an under diagnosed cancer with a relatively short survival.
The diminishing magnitude of association between psychological distress and mortality with increasing duration of follow-up shown in figure 2 may reflect reverse causality.
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This effect may also reflect reverse causality, that is, buyers who expected higher house price changes than the rest were the ones who bought recently.
Diabetes-associated cognitive impairment may partly reflect reverse causality.
Finally, despite the prospective design, the observed associations may partially reflect reverse causation.
Associations in our study between concurrent TV and increased hyperactivity/inattention may plausibly reflect reverse causation, with active selection of TV by the child.
This finding needs to be validated using a more sensitive technique such as T1 mapping, as it may reflect greater reverse remodelling post-TAVI at the cellular level rather than a true reduction in fibrosis.
More suggestions(15)
may help reverse
may reflect temporal
may reflect fundamental
may reflect stochastic
may reflect genetic
may reflect individual
may introduce reverse
may reflect cerebral
may reflect local
may reflect regional
may reflect other
may reflect harder-working
may reflect mixed
may reflect transmural
may reflect vascular
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