In light of evidence that lower rates of cesarean may reflect cost savings, higher quality of care, and reduced complications [ 6], an objective of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce cesarean births among women at low risk for vaginal birth complications [ 7].
This may be due to a prevailing macho culture at the top; or it may reflect the costs of child care, which have risen by 27% in the same period.If things look sticky at the top, women at the bottom find the relative going far tougher.
This may reflect different costs for hospitalisations and medications between countries.
The avoidance of features preferred by conspecifics may reflect the costs of intraspecific competition and/or the avoidance of ectoparasites living in nest material.
One possibility is that the variation observed in the attractiveness of masculinity in these experimental contexts may reflect the costs and benefits associated with a mate's potential success in intrasexual competition.
Thus, at the molecular level, changes in the insulin signaling pathway may reflect energetic costs of Nosema infection and reflexively promote changes within the same pathway or linked networks that stimulate precocious foraging.
Correlations between host-associated variants and VL are difficult to interpret, because they may reflect fitness costs or compensation, the existence of strong (Iversen et al., 2006; Carlson et al.,, 2012) or novel (Almeida et al., 2011) immune responses, or the indirect impact of specific HLA class I alleles.
Search costs may reflect the opportunity cost of time (which directly affects the cost of acquiring information) and/or other consumer characteristics (e.g., education, age).
"High physician fees in the United States may reflect the cost of attracting skilled candidates to medicine in a society with a relatively more skewed income distribution," the study said.
