In addition, LL-37 was found to associate with C. albicans cell-wall carbohydrates, which caused the cells to aggregate and consequently may help protect host cells against infection.
Another explanation is the bacterial chaperone groEL, which is constitutively overexpressed in primary and secondary endosymbionts,, may also protect host proteins from heat degradation when circulating in the hemolymph.
While lactic acid bacteria eat away teeth, elsewhere in the body "the presence of these otherwise beneficial bacteria in saliva or on mucosal surfaces may protect the host against chronic inflammatory diseases and [head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or] HNSCC".
In the murine UTI model, Tlr4 controls the innate immune response to Escherichia coli and Tlr4-/ mice develop ABU rather than severe infection [19], [20], [21] suggesting that reduced mucosal Tlr4 function may protect the host against symptomatic infection.
Some of them still express proteins that may protect the host against infections.
These organisms may protect the host, defining them not as simple symbiotic microbes but rather as mutualistic microbes.
Third, genes involved in the neuroprotection/neurotoxicity balance and/or in neurogenesis may protect the host against CM.
Thus, the presence of certain viral strains that lack this ability (as is the case with CVB6 or echovirus E4 [ 66]) may protect the host from infections with their beta cytotoxic counterparts.
Bacterial communities associated with the skin of amphibians may protect the host from pathogens (i) by increasing competition for space and resources, (ii) by altering the microenvironment of the amphibian skin to prevent colonization of pathogens, and (iii) through the production of antimicrobial metabolites that kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens (2 – 4).
For example, genes that encode proteins involved in immune modulation that may protect from host attack had Cluster 2 expression patterns with peak expression in L3 parasites; genes in the nuclear receptor family were abundant in female-associated Cluster four; genes in kinase gene family were overrepresented in the male-associated Cluster five (Additional file 6).
