Parasites may evolve to overcome host resistance by altering their AVR genes to avoid R-dependent recognition [1], [5], [6].
Our transcriptome analysis showed activation of a wide range of the hydrolytic enzymes that may help fungus to overcome host protective barriers.
Functional redundancy of AVR genes within the genome may facilitate rapid evolution of the parasite to overcome host resistance by allowing elicitor genes to become inactivated without compromising parasite fitness [5], [37], [38].
More importantly, the same feature may apply when an established-parasite evolves to overcome host resistance or immunity.
The model assumes three independent virulence factors, one at each of three loci, against each cultivar; a recent study indicated that up to three genes may be needed for Venturia inaequalis apple scab) to overcome host resistance [ 46].
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome host defences, interact with the immune system and modulate essential host systems.
An important virulence strategy evolved by bacterial pathogens to overcome host defenses is the modulation of host cell death.
The ability of W. dermatitidis to cause severe infections in immunocompetent hosts suggests it is able to overcome host defenses.
In particular, pathogenic organisms are often subjected to selection for diversity to overcome host defenses and/or increase host range.
Bacterial pathogens that overcome host defenses ensure their ability to survive and propagate [ 10, 12].
