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This approach allows us to eliminate individual-specific unobserved effects that may otherwise confound the identification of a cannibalization effect.
Many C. elegans ageing studies use fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine (FuDR) to inhibit the germline of experimental animals in order to eliminate progeny that may otherwise confound analyses.
Using statistical analyses that take in account possible baseline differences is critical as these differences may otherwise confound detection of treatment effect, especially in small studies that are more prone to randomization imbalances.
A second notable strength of the current protocol is expected to be the implementation of the CLIP for standardising important co-interventions that may otherwise confound our association of interest (ASA and ALI).
In addition, the urinary sodium excretion observed was very similar to previous global population surveys (11), confirming that the patients were not sodium-restricted, which may otherwise confound analysis by indication.
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This avoided inclusion of diseased or heavily parasitised worms within the omic experiments that may have otherwise confounded results.
The data sets were shown to have comparable demographics; therefore, no sample bias is expected, which may have otherwise confounded any interpretation or generalisation.
Particularly, such studies offer the opportunity to test a potentially causal association between risk factor and disease given that interference of behavioural, social, and environmental factors, that otherwise may confound the relationship, is largely excluded by "Randomisation to the genetic variant".
As previously reported by Armand et al. 10 and Chang et al. 7, the present study shows that therapy-related disease per se is not an adverse prognostic factor after SCT, after accounting for cytogenetics risk group (which otherwise may confound comparisons, since patients with therapy-related disease more often have adverse cytogenetics 25- 29).
The presence of an unknown protein in these cell lines may confound an otherwise sound series of experiments and differential expression of GPCRs and their regulatory proteins may explain differences in reported results across cell lines [ 13, 17, 22- 25].
The popular vote in California may again confound the pollsters.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com