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Sulfation, glucuronidation, and glutathione conjugation represent the three most prevalent classes of phase II metabolism, which may occur directly on the parent compounds that contain appropriate structural motifs, or, as is usually the case, on functional groups added or exposed by phase I oxidation.
Damage may occur directly under the site of impact, or it may occur on the side opposite the impact (coup and contrecoup injury, respectively).
This may occur directly, or indirectly via cytokines, including IL-12 and TNF-α.
Finally, ubiquitin ligases (termed E3) catalyze the transfer of ubiquitin/ubl from E2 to a lysine side chain on a specific target protein (this may occur directly or indirectly via conjugation to the E3) to form an isopeptide bond.
Such redifferentiation may occur directly (transdifferentiation), or by partial dedifferentiation followed by redifferentiation 101.
Bone formation may occur directly within the mesenchyme (intramembranous) or via a cartilage scaffold (endochondral ossification).
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This process may either occur directly where epithelium can trans-differentiate into pre-adipocytes; or indirectly where first epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs followed by subsequent pre-adipocyte differentiation.
Tf TfR recycling may occur either directly from the sorting endosome (fast recycling), or via RE (Maxfield and McGraw, 2004).
The cardiovascular actions of GLP-1 may occur either directly through the GLP-1 receptor or alternatively by a GLP-1 receptor-independent effect of the degradation product of GLP-1, GLP-1(9–36) (12).
Although the activation of BAK may occur either directly or indirectly, a key feature of both models is the neutralization of antiapoptotic BCL-2 proteins by BH3-only proteins.
However, while changes in the para- and transcellular pathways across the endothelium are the ultimate cause of increased permeability after ICH, the effects of ICH may occur either directly on the endothelium or indirectly via effects on other cell types or extracellular matrix that regulate or affect the endothelium.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com