We hypothesized that signals from the subchondral bone may modulate production of matrix components, alter chondrogenic differentiation potential of cocultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and induce a phenotypic shift in differentiated OA chondrocytes.
We speculate that E2 may modulate production of only a limited subset of angiogenic factors, such as CCL2, which may act in addition to, or in synergism with, other uNK cell-derived factors, such as VEGFA, that are not influenced by the bioavailability of E2.
Furthermore, melatonin may modulate the production of cytokines such as IL-2, INF-γ and IL-6 and increasing production IL-12 by monocytes as demonstrated in cultured human mononuclear cells [ 24], thus promoting Th1 cell response.
Additionally, intracellular signaling pathways may modulate ROS production as discussed above, opening the possibility for future therapeutic interventions.
In fact, studies suggest that M. pneumoniae may modulate mucin production by airway cells [20], [21].
Vitamin D may modulate the production of cytokines, suppressing inflammation [18], and, thereby, reduce the severity of viral pneumonia [19].
Each of these factors, alone or in combination, may modulate the production of soluble Aβ42, thereby indirectly affecting LTP impairment.
Interestingly, VMP1 has been found to interact with Beclin-1, suggesting that it may modulate phospholipid production [ 65].
The V1aR agonist may modulate NO production by promoting the release of endogenous NO synthase inhibitor ADMA.
Since IL10 expression is significantly upregulated 14 days after BDL mice [ 102], anti-inflammatory mediators may modulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines in long-term cholestasis, thus resulting in susceptibility to bacterial translocation and infection [ 102].
IL-10 blockade reduced the bacterial burden in lungs and spleens of these mice to the same level as to wild-type animals, supporting the notion that B cells may modulate cytokine production, macrophage activation, and immunopathology in tuberculosis.
