Our data combined with previous studies suggest that TGFβ is not only a central mediator involved in the inflammatory and fibrotic phase of healing and may critically modulate many cellular steps in post-infarction cardiac repair [ 11, 17, 42], but can also induce EMT of epicardial cells.
Since some or many of the changes of gene expression described here may play a role in producing hypoxia-preconditioning and protecting brain against subsequent stroke, we examined the hypothesis that hypoxia may have modulated many of the same genes as were modulated by ischemic stroke.
Although CovS is expected to modulate many known CovR-repressed subsystems, certain operons may be differentially modulated or may be influenced by other regulator(s).
Reciprocally, heparins modulate many of the interactions involving Aβ.
HDAC3 is widely expressed, suggesting that HDAC3 may modulate tubulin acetylation in many cells.
Conversely, a given phytochemical may modulate the function of many different membrane proteins at similar concentrations (e.g., Table 1 and Supporting Information Table S1).
The expression profiles for splicing factors change dramatically within the myometrium in pregnancy; these factors have been shown to have substrate-specific roles in alternative splicing and it is possible that they may modulate the expression of many more alternately spliced myometrial proteins involved in myometrial quiescence and contractility.
The up-regulated genes present putative cis-regulatory elements in their promoter region indicating that many transcription factors may modulate the expression of these genes, and that these genes are probably multi-stress responsive.
This could be of particular relevance as bile acids inhibit many bacteria and may modulate microbiota composition and also have the potential to affect major pathophysiological factors in IBS, including GI motility, secretion, and immune function (101, 102).
Finally, there are many other risk factors that may modulate the complex interaction between the genetic background and smoking, like in utero events, microbial infections, dietary factors, physical inactivity and pharmacological treatment.
