Since in all vertebrates transcription starts only after egg cleavage, aging induced alterations may involve changes in maternal mRNAs that have been deposited during oocyte maturation.
Postpartum (and continuing) maternal depression may involve interactions between objective stress (especially Loss) and the maternal 5HT2A gene (serotonin receptor 2A), controlling for potential confounders.
Dopamine is considered to be a key player in reward-related behaviors [11] and because maternal neglect may involve a lack of reward from offspring, dysregulation of dopamine is a candidate mechanism for neglect.
Previous preterm birth associated with an increased odds of 5.9 (95% C.I. = 4.1, 8.6) for a subsequent preterm birth [7], may involve not only fetal and maternal genetic sources that are shared in successive births, but also environmental exposures common to all pregnancies of individual mothers.
Recently, however, it has been proposed that pipe is not necessary in a number of insect species studied [ 4] and even in D. melanogaster there appears to be a second mechanism in establishing DV [ 92] that may involve delayed induction by graded maternal Dpp signalling in the perivitelline space [ 93].
Joubert et al. addressed the hypothesis that the diverse effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy may involve epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation.
This lack of association may reflect the recent release of these compounds into the environment, which may involve a negative trend between cord serum concentration and maternal age.
The underlying mechanisms for the diverse effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on offspring may involve epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation.
The metabolic disturbances may involve dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, which leads to higher maternal circulating levels of free fatty acids, amino acids and glucose, which affect placental and fetal development [ 101].
It's quite possible that such prenatal programming, which may involve epigenetic factors, can also be brought into play by maternal overnutrition, setting unborn offspring on trajectories of accelerated development.
