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If these instruments were used to evaluate IPF patients over time, their inclusion of items that cover less relevant topics may introduce variance into patients' scores that would tend to obscure, rather than reveal, changes in quality of life specifically associated with IPF or its therapy.
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The addition of noise and variability in the speech signal and the suboptimal nature of human speech perception may introduce additional variance, or delays between the speech signal and neural responses, but will not negate the qualitatively different predictions of lexical competition and segment prediction computations.
However, overpartitioning may introduce unnecessary sampling variances which could influence the phylogenetic estimates.
Using PST as a phenotypic analogue for QST has limitations (Pujol et al. 2008) because environmental effects may introduce errors in the estimation of variance components, underestimating the within-population variance and overestimating the among-population variance (Leinonen et al. 2013).
Translated study materials may introduce instructional and cultural inaccuracies, resulting in excess psychometric variance and reduced data integrity [ 8].
Along with having other mathematical merits, this provides the benefit of variance stabilization, particularly for high read counts, which are often coupled with high technical variations that may introduce significant bias in the data.
This may introduce confounding effects.
Metals may introduce plasmonic effects.
This may introduce two problems.
Such assessment may introduce information bias.
This may introduce bias by affecting OS.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com