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Finally, prevalent dialysis patients will be included, which may introduce survival bias because of early mortality.
Although this may introduce survival bias, it would be less likely to overestimate the catheter patients who may have started dialysis with a CVC for a well-defined reason (eg/acute unexpected renal deterioration in someone planning PD as definitive renal replacement modality).
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In theory, this may introduce selection bias.
On the other hand, testing generally requires the provision of a blood sample, which may introduce a survival bias in the conduct of retrospective studies.
With bladder cancer, there is also the additional problem that changes in coding schemes defining the classification of invasive tumours and introduced at different times in different countries, may introduce artefactual survival differences.
This may introduce a selection bias that cannot be compensated either by subject randomization or by intent-to-treat survival analyses.
The effect of transport on survival in children with CDH is difficult to assess because of multiple confounders which may introduce patient selection bias.
By restricting analyses to newborns visited by a CHW within two weeks after the birth, we may have potentially introduced survival bias; for example by excluding a baby who died before receiving a CHW visit (n = 495; 1.8% of 27,460).
This structure may introduce a certain amount of survival bias and has also created a younger HIV-infected group, which we would expect to bias away from finding differences associated with HIV.
The use of the gene sets (Method A) as pre-selected gene sources may introduce some bias and miss an opportunity of finding new survival-associated genes.
Finally, as a hospital-based retrospective study, factors associated with survival to hospital admission, decisions to seek care, and referral patterns may introduce bias.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com