This may introduce non-differential information bias, causing bias toward the null.
However, postal questionnaire surveys typically lead to much lower response rates, which may introduce non-response bias.
Excluding patients after randomisation may introduce non-comparability of characteristics across treatment groups and consequently lead to bias. 1 2 3 4 The intention to treat principle implies that patients are analysed according to their original allocation, regardless of the treatment they actually received.
This, in turn, may introduce a non-radiative pathway for excited state decay that outcompetes fluorescence.
In addition, individuals with less education tend to be underrepresented in mail surveys, which may introduce a non-response bias [ 29].
A further limitation is the overall low response rate, which may introduce potential non-response bias, with those women who responded potentially more likely to view the materials in a positive fashion.
The response rate of 64% may introduce bias if non-responders were systematically different from responders.
High-performance and low-cost emerging NVMs may simplify memory hierarchy, introduce non-volatility in logic gates and circuits, reduce system power, and enable novel architectures.
To this end, countries may consider introducing non-pharmaceutical interventions such as border screening, promoting early presentation of cases among arriving passengers, requiring the use of personal protective equipment during travels (e.g. the wearing of masks), and reducing traveler numbers.
Second, with a response rate of 46%, the study sample may have introduced non-response bias.
Second, the low response rate among adolescents may have introduced non-response bias.
