The period of the year (month of sampling) was a significant factor affecting apparent prevalence (Tables 4, 5), suggesting that the reproductive season may influence brucellosis spreading among wild boar.
Sharing of food, especially raw fish recipes may influence the spread of disease through a community.
Also, certain B. tabaci 'variants' are known that more effectively or selectively transmit certain begomoviruses and exhibit biotic differences that may influence their spread.
However, geographical proximity is not the only factor that may influence disease spread.
This study can serve as basis for additional analyses regarding the possible effects of these elements in clinical isolates and whether they may influence clonal spread by playing a role in strain fitness.
In the following sections, we will overview the impact of stochastic disturbances on social enforcement mechanisms at different biological scales and discuss how they may influence the spread of cheater phenotypes.
We hypothesized that precipitation and minimum temperature might affect influenza prevalence in wild birds because AIV can be transmitted to birds in a moist environment and cold weather affects bird dispersal [ 59], which may influence the spread of the virus [ 60, 61].
The study also identified a potential role for sheep and goats in the transmission of Brucella spp, to large ruminants and went on to look at how human behaviour may influence the spread of the disease, both between animals and from animals to humans.
The prevalence of IDU has decreased among younger age groups and among African-American populations in the U.S.[ 33], and drug injector networks and associated risks may influence the spread of HCV GTs [ 34, 35] as seen with other diseases [ 36].
Thus Cx43 may influence B cell spreading by mechanisms requiring protein binding to, or modification of, these sites in the CT tail.
