On the contrary, it may be hypothesized that immunization during smoking might induce withdrawal as newly formed antibodies abolish brain nicotine peaks, which are essential for feelings of reward to occur.
Indeed, progestogen-only contraception has a continuous administration, without the hormone-free interval, and does not induce withdrawal stabilizing circulating estrogens, but some fluctuations according to different preparations may still occur [65].
At the same time, vaccination did not appear to induce withdrawal symptoms in smokers.
Midazolam infusions may induce tolerance and a withdrawal syndrome in a matter of days.
[ 3] It has been recognized that glucocorticoids have a major role in KS development, [ 9- 11] and their withdrawal may induce regression of KS lesions [ 12, 13].
Withdrawal of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may induce symptoms in healthy volunteers, suggesting that discontinuing PPI therapy induces acid-peptic disease.
These studies suggest the possibility that morphine withdrawal and/or higher levels of morphine tolerance may induce additional adaptive mechanisms, such as effects on GRKs or RGS proteins (Terwilliger et al., 1994; Gold et al., 2003).
In conclusion, this case report shows that efavirenz may induce gynecomastia in prepubertal HIV-infected children on ART with complete resolution after withdrawal of efavirenz.
