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Furthermore, a study reported that low folate may induce malignant transformation, declining SAM biosynthesis, de novo thymidine monophosphate synthesis, modified gene expression by defective cytosine methylation, or lead to the development of catastrophic cycles of aberrant DNA repair and subsequently uracil misincorporation (Ciappio and Mason 2010).
Our findings that nicotine can directly activate the FOXM1 oncogene and the combined action of FOXM1B upregulation and nicotine exposure may induce malignant transformation (Fig. 8A) should prompt a reassessment of the widespread use of nicotine-based tobacco replacement therapies.
HPV infection may induce malignant transformation of lesions, especially in case of colonization by oncogenic HPV genotypes.
Some of the natural substrates for degradation by the proteasome are oncoproteins that, if not properly removed from the cell, may induce malignant transformation (Ciechanover and Schwartz, 2004).
These findings indicate that signalling through FGFR2-IIIb may induce malignant potential, and especially, may increase the metastatic ability of pancreatic cancer cells.
Thus, our findings suggest that RASSF1A inactivation may induce malignant transformation by some distinct mechanisms other than Ras-mediated anti-apoptosis pathway, such as loss of genomic, microtubule stability and cell cycle regulation [ 14].
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Repeated radiotherapy for recurrence may rarely induce malignant transformation to haemangiosarcoma [11].
This leads to a visible reduction of skin conditions, aging, and dying cells and may also induce malignant transformation [ 121].
It has been proven that inhaled NPs of various elemental composition cause acute and chronic inflammatory changes in lower levels of respiratory tract and may also induce malignant transformation of cells, but the role in pathologic changes in the mucosa of the upper airways has not been sufficiently studied yet [ 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 18, 19].
We would expect that future studies of the remaining genes, as well as use of normal cell lines and tumors derived from other tissues in an integrative approach, will allow for discovery of additional, novel, epigenetically-controlled genes that may also act collaboratively to induce malignant transformation.
29 The controversy of laser treatment of melanocytic nevi emanates from the concept that laser irradiation may have the potential to induce malignant change in nevus cells.
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