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Because normal aging cells can accumulate progerin, radiation exposure and/or oxidative stress may induce genomic instability among the elderly.
It has been reported that palindromic sequences may induce genomic instability through provoking double strand breaks and recombination [ 61].
Previous studies in animal cells have demonstrated that etoposide constitutes a genotoxic stress which may induce genomic instability including mobilization of normally quiescent transposable elements (TEs).
Loss of global DNA methylation may induce genomic instability and thereby promote carcinogenesis whereas promoter hypermethylation usually results in transcriptional gene inactivation [ 26].
It is thought that, while global hypomethylation may induce genomic instability early in cellular transformation, localized hypermethylation may promote tumorigenesis through silencing of tumor suppressor genes [ 4, 5].
Lindane is a lipophilic pesticide that moves through environmental compartments (Martin and Semple 2004) and may induce genomic alterations in the form of micronuclei (Kalantzi et al. 2004b).
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Some of these agents or their combinations may also induce genomic aberrations in smokers.
Consequently, as documented by previous studies in animal and human cells, etoposide constitutes a genotoxic stress which may also induce genomic instability indirectly by causing transpositional activation of otherwise quiescent transposable elements (TEs), and hence generating insertional mutagenesis [ 3].
Among macrophage and neutrophils products, ROS may not only induce genomic instability (O'Byrne and Dalgleish, 2001), but also damage antitumour immune effector cells (Seaman et al, 1982; Hellstrand et al, 1994; Hansson et al, 1996).
Among macrophage and neutrophil products, reactive oxygen species (ROS) may not only induce genomic instability (O'Byrne and Dalgleish, 2001) but also damage antitumour immune effector cells, especially natural killer (NK) and T cells (Seaman et al, 1982; Hellstrand et al, 1994a; Hansson et al, 1996a).
It is likely that each type of TEs may induce different genomic changes upon transposition and ectopic recombination.
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