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Long term occupational exposure to organic solvents may induce chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy (CSE), characterized by mild to severe cognitive impairment, generally seen as the key diagnostic feature.
For example, reduced group size may increase the loss of kills to scavengers [6], and social fracturing may induce chronic stress levels in a population [43].
Moreover, IFNα promotes apoptosis of uninfected, bystander CD4+ T cells [32], and gene expression profiles suggest that exposure to IFNα may induce chronic activation of CD4+ T cells [31].
While not directly addressed by this study, it is plausible that continuous stimulation through the T cell receptor in HIV infected individuals may induce chronic rather than transient FOXP3 upregulation, resulting in dysfunctional effector T cells.
Some viral infections, like HCV, may induce chronic immune stimulation and persistent lymphocytes activation [ 6].
CsA, which is nephrotoxic, may induce chronic allograft nephropathy [ 2, 3].
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Sitting down to watch the new Michael Haneke movie, "Funny Games," may induce a chronic attack of déjà vu, and no wonder.
Moreover, among the biomarkers for oxidative stress, we particularly focused on the alteration of serum 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), which directly reflects the consequences of oxidative stress, as well as the generation of mutagenic damages on DNA, which in turn may induce secondary, chronic morbidity.
Moreover, cholesterine crystals may induce a chronic inflammatory reaction leading to intramural dystrophic calcification development.
SM may induce many chronic and delayed destructive lesions in the ocular surface and cornea, leading to progressive visual deterioration and ocular irritation [ 3].
Periodontal infection can increase systemic inflammation in turn, which may induce a chronic state of insulin resistance, contributing to the cycle of hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end-product protein binding accumulation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com