The association between greater monthly bisphosphonate use in women who were prescribed treatment following rather than prior to physician participation in the trial may indicate a participation bias.
Although this study is only an initial step in examining students' motivation in this way, our findings may indicate that participation in problem-based afterschool science and engineering programs like Studio STEM can serve in assuaging the documented decline in science-based motivation perceptions many students experience during those academic years.
The DSTs also may have recorded rapid vertical movements during these periods with clear tidal signatures (Figure 1c) that may have indicated participation in a spawning event consistent with published descriptions [42], [44].
The relatively low VAS values together with the relatively low score in the HAGOS dimensions "sport and recreation" and "participation" may indicate that the patients reduce their sport activities and participation after PAO to minimize their symptoms.
The higher SSDs in the Netherlands, together with the lower participation rates, may indicate real differences in selection biases of survey participants.
Perceptions and judgements about the impact of user involvement are largely positive, which may indicate that user involvement is perceived by both, service users and professionals, to be a good policy within mental healthcare, worthy of ongoing support and participation.
For example, if an intervention improves activity limitation but not participation restriction, then a combined measure assessing both activity limitation and participation restriction may indicate a significant effect but would not inform where the intervention has the greatest impact.
Differential response rates across cases and controls may indicate selection bias, as study participation (Law et al, 2002) and prenatal vitamin use (Langley-Evans and Langley-Evans, 2002; Williams et al, 2003) may vary by SES, race, and/or educational attainment.
Conversely, GO enrichment of <1, which can also be expressed as fold-depletion (1/fold-enrichment), indicates that the GO term occurs less frequently in the list than a random list and may indicate general lack of or reduced participation of certain processes or compartments.
Volunteer participation in a survey may indicate a particular interest in cardiovascular prevention.
