Although close contact may increase transmission of zoonotic pathogens, it encourages high visibility and awareness of herd condition, creating opportunities for passive disease surveillance, assessment of herd health and early disease intervention.
More new HIV-1 infections occur within stable HIV-1-discordant couples than in any other group in Africa, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may increase transmission risk among discordant couples, accounting for a large proportion of new HIV-1 infections.
The effect of changing the duration of breast-feeding on HIV mortality is hard to quantify because, while any breast-feeding may increase transmission from infected mothers to infants, prolonged, exclusive breast-feeding may decrease deaths and HIV transmission (38 ).
In contexts where STIs/HIV are prevalent among the population, sexual violence may increase transmission through unprotected oral, anal, and vaginal trauma by perpetrators as additional factors in STI/HIV transmission [ 10, 18].
- Skillful use of these logics promotes successful microbial sociality and, in turn, may increase transmission and virulence of infectious diseases, emergence of major evolutionary transitions, and adaptability to so-called extreme environments.
Integration of the transmission and progression models allows simultaneous consideration of alcohol's effects on HIV transmission and progression (e.g., lowering antiretroviral adherence may increase transmission risk by elevating viral load, and may simultaneously increase progression by increasing the likelihood of AIDS).
Although we found a longer recovery period (longer infectious period) for LPAI than HPAI, we speculate that oral and cloacal shedding of HPAI viruses may help increase transmission in spite of the relatively short infectious period.
The majority of participants reported that they fed aborted fetuses to their dogs and this practice may also increase transmission and persistence of infection in the flock.
The roots always help reduce wave transmission, while the stems may increase wave transmission when the platform width is in the range of 37.5 62.5% of the incident wavelength.
Thus, moderate to heavy rainfall events can stimulate episodes of disease transmission, and repeated rainfalls may increase disease transmission to epidemic levels.
In another example, increasing the concurrence of sexual relationships without increasing their frequency or the duration will reduce the transmission risk per partnership, but may increase the transmission risk per unit time because the number of simultaneous partnerships increase.
