Increased terrestrial runoff due to more intense storm events associated with climate change may increase land-based water pollution from both of these sources.
Herders in that region of China consider that the loss of glaciers may increase the land area available for grazing.
Marginal increases in biofuel production in the BioEnergy and Alg-Fuel scenarios do reduce carbon emissions, but do not represent the kind of transformation required to avoid 2 (,^{circ })C warming in part, because they do not reduce (and may increase) emissions from land use change.
For example, restoration of vegetation on degraded lands may increase ecosystem productivity such as litter fall and soil organic matter, and in turn, productive vegetation with multiple canopy layers helps enhance water infiltration and groundwater recharge (Ilstedt et al. 2007; Ilstedt et al. 2016), thereby reducing soil erosion and nutrient loss to aquifers and improving stream water quality.
In addition to soil quality improvement, reforestation on degraded lands may increase baseflow and low flows in the dry seasons due to the improvement of soil infiltration capacity and groundwater recharge (Bruijnzeel 2004; Garcia-Chevesich et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2016).
It is hypothesised that unfavourable land uses may increase the effective isolation of habitat patches through increased predation risk of dispersing voles.
Simple management practices in cities that can be conducted on the scale of individual land parcels may increase diversity of specialist herbivore communities to reference levels.
Nevertheless, in areas where water is the limiting factor, but not the irrigable land, ORDI may increase the total gross margin of a farm by supplying the same volume of irrigation water to a greater area.
A strong emphasis on the advantages of land sparing may increase the separation of humans from nature, and further reduce public interest in, and awareness of, biodiversity and its benefits.
A similar association has been found in previous studies [ 18, 31, 32], supporting the hypothesis that a fragmented land structure may increase the risk of acquiring CCHF by favouring viral circulation and amplification though frequent at-risk contacts between ticks, humans, livestock and wildlife [ 18].
