Trauma may include physical illness or injury; harm; disability; torture; incarceration or persecution; relationship dissolution; job loss; migration/relocation; violence; and sexual abuse (Walsh 2007).
Additional precipitating factors may include gastrointestinal illness with diarrhea and vomiting or alcohol intoxication (3).
These may include mental illness, post-traumatic stress, sexual trauma, domestic violence and other underlying sociocultural factors [ 5, 49, 59, 80, 81].
Reasons for poorer nutrition may include parental illness and poverty [ 18, 19], infant feeding practices [ 14, 18], lack of breast feeding, and an increase disease burden in exposed children [ 6, 13, 14, 19].
Risk factors for hypogonadism in older men may include chronic illnesses (including diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive lung disease, inflammatory arthritic disease, renal disease, and HIV-related disease), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hemochromatosis (12).
Precipitants of acute insomnia may include acute medical illness, hospitalization, changes in the sleeping environment, medications, jet lag, and acute or recurring psychosocial stressors [ 3].
Secondly, the fact that those who reported illness episodes had a higher mean socio-economic score may indicate that we may not have included illness episodes from those who simply could not afford accessing a health care facility.
When present, symptoms of acute illness may include fever, malaise, nausea, jaundice, arthralgia (joint pain), dark urine, pale stools, and abdominal pain.
Generalized non-specific symptoms may include a 'flu-like illness' present at disease onset, fever, malaise, weight loss, loss of appetite, myalgias, arthralgias and migratory arthropathy [ 1, 7].
As another example, although one study may estimate the change in respiratory hospital admissions (ICD-9 codes 460 519), another may include hospitalizations for respiratory illness (ICD-9 codes 490 492, 464 466, 480 487) (Peng et al. 2009).
