Selective pressures may include host T cell and B cell responses, specific subtype antibody responses, the microenvironment present when the virus enters the host, and the general state of the immune system during infection.
Interestingly, similar genes are also present in the genomes of other entomopathogenic viruses, e.g. Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2c (YP_803380) and Agrotis segetum granulovirus (YP_006303), indicating a yet unknown but conserved role during virus infection of insects which may include host tissue histolysis.
Explanations may include host genotype fitness; for example, the putative xylitol dehydrogenases may actually be detrimental to xylose metabolism [ 32, 45].
Although the reasons for this varied susceptibility are not well understood, potential contributing factors may include host traits, such as genetic composition, immune response, and physiologic mechanisms (23 ).
Additional biomarker analyses may include host genome marker methylation sequencing, viral genome integration frequency and relative transcription levels of HPV mRNA species, contingent on sample availability and assay performance.
The reason for such a clinically diverse outcome of infection remains uncertain, but may include host and environmental factors as well as differences in the prevalence or expression of bacterial virulence factors [ 1].
We, however, argue that reservoirs may include nonessential hosts.
The first thing to remember is it's likely that 95% of the people at the party know as little about horse racing as you do, and that may include your host.
Other factors contributing to the increase in TBE may include increasing host animal populations such as roe deer, and more people spending time in endemic areas due to an increase in summer cottages (12).
Forces driving variability as this locus are therefore not likely limited to interactions with plant hosts, but may include interactions with animal hosts or phage, or other environmental interactions.
