These may include the disruption of normal osteoimmunological interactions that involve osteoblasts as well as marrow stromal cells (reviewed in [64]).
Glyphosate off-target effects may include the disruption of these enzymes.
Potential mechanisms by which pollutants may increase susceptibility to viral infection include disruption of mucociliary clearance (Ehrlich 1980; Schlesinger and Driscoll 1987), impairment of cellular immunity (Zwick et al. 1991), or release of inflammatory mediators (Rusznak et al. 1996).
Health implications from long-term exposure to toxic pesticide levels may include learning difficulties, hormone disruption and reproductive abnormalities, Greenpeace said.
The behavioral modifications involved in disruption of communication may include habituation of the normal response sequence (alteration of the pheromone response threshold) and "confusion" (inability of the organism to perceive and orient to the naturally emitted lure).
The nature of this measurement will be highly dependent on the target's biochemical function and may include displacement of a known ligand, disruption of a protein protein interaction, formation of a covalent adduct, or inhibition of enzyme catalysis.
21 Rapid uptake of a new technology may have unanticipated consequences, including disruption of the normal practices of medical education and patient care.
8 Following vagotomy, adaptive changes in the enteric nervous system, which may include formation of collateral innervation, result in minimal disruption of gastrointestinal function over time.
The mechanisms for such disruptions are largely unknown but may include damage to the sperm plasma membrane or axoneme, or consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [ 10].
A damage control surgical approach is essential in the severely injured patient and may include the closure and stabilisation of pelvic ring disruptions, followed by appropriate angiographic embolisation or surgical bleeding control, including packing.
