These results suggested that the amplified products from the RNA from a single MC (about 2 pg) by the current method may include considerable amplification artifacts causing problems in accuracy and reproducibility.
The potential mechanisms driving aberrant expression of Bcl-2 proteins in tumor cells are diverse and may include gene amplification, epigenetic changes, posttranslational modifications as well as overactivation of upstream transcription factors (e.g. NFκB. STAT3).
Other factors (not addressed herein) that may contribute to Brk-dependent pro-survival include amplification of signaling pathways downstream of erbB family members [ 33, 48], including activation of ERK5 signaling [ 7, 45].
The c-Met axis activations may include c-Met amplification, c-Met overexpression and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) upregulation (Suda et al, 2012).
Furthermore, future applications of multi-targeted primers may include concurrent selective amplification of DNA sequences of interest from one or multiple genomes for the high-throughput sequencing of multiple homologous loci.
Other sources of internal amplification may include the inactivation of A-type channels [55], NMDA receptor based excitation [56] and neuromodulator input [57]) (by analogy with thalamocortical population bursting, synchronized mainly via inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus input [58]).
The mechanisms involved in the progression to castrate-independent disease remains poorly understood, but may include androgen receptor mutation or amplification, receptor activation by alternative ligands such as oestrogen, changes in cofactor expression or alterations in growth factor signalling (Bevan, 2005).
Target preparation varies and may include different amounts of starting RNA, amplification, and labeling methods [ Gold et al., 2004; Hardiman, 2004; Schindler et al., 2005; Singh et al., 2005; Kawasaki, 2006], all of which contribute to the type and quality of data produced.
These may include p16 loss [ 5] and CCND1 amplification or Cyclin D1 overexpression [ 8].
Those experiments may include simple immunoprecipitations, a quick round of DNA amplifications, or simple restriction digests.
