In contrast, the mutations affecting the tag do not impact bacterial viability.
This time course suggests that ISG15 does not impact bacterial replication as an active bacterial clearance mechanism would.
We hypothesize that treatment with phages may impact the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as the fitness costs of resistance to phages may add to those of antibiotic resistance, further reducing the growth performance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
However, resistance to the phage causes significant fitness costs on the bacterium (Buckling et al. 2006; Lopez-Pascua and Buckling 2008), and such fitness costs may impact the evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
The gut microbiota may impact host health by producing toxic bacterial metabolites such as TMA and indole and delivering them into the bloodstream.
Advanced technologies using multiplex molecular assays and PCR improve the diagnostic ability to identify viral pathogens in a timely manner and may impact the use of antibacterials in patients with no bacterial infection identified.
None of these studies used dexamethasone as adjuvant treatment, which has become standard practice in the treatment of human bacterial meningitis in adults in developed countries, and which may impact the activity of antimicrobial agents in meningitis [ 12, 13].
In recent years, emerging evidence has indicated that the autophagy process may have an essential role for the host during bacterial clearance and may also interact with inflammatory processes, which consequently may impact the outcomes of disease progression.
ENM properties may impact tests using CFU (colony forming unit) counts to quantify the effects of ENM exposure to bacterial cells.
Additionally, the ability of different compartments to allow posttranslational modification of cellulases is an important consideration, as this may impact on the enzymatic activity [ 135], dependent upon the source of the cellulase expressed (fungal or bacterial).
