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Experimental results obtained by volume measurements during mechanical deformation are compared with the author's tentative suggestion (Physical Aging in Amorphous Polymers and Other Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977, pp. 83 96) that large mechanical deformation processes, even shear, may generate free volume.
Third, glycated lipoprotein may generate free radicals, prompting more vessel oxidative damage.
Furthermore, the elevation in catecholamine levels may generate free radicals [ 24], which may be cytotoxic and mediate tissue damage by injuring cellular membranes and releasing intracellular components.
Autophagy can act as a tumour suppressor by removing the damaged proteins and organelles, which may generate free radicals to cause genome instability (Shintani and Klionsky, 2004).
Living cells may generate free radicals and other reactive oxygen species by-products as a results of physiological and biochemical processes.
It is proved that iron ions may generate free radicals in vivo by Fenton reaction, and that a number of disorders developes through the iron-dependent oxidative events [ 28, 29].
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Importantly, normal mitochondrial respiration may also generate free radicals, principally ROS, and one such molecule, superoxide anion (O2.−), reacts rapidly with free radical NO to form the very toxic product peroxynitrite (ONOO−) [ 10, 11].
Nevertheless, NO has the potential to generate free radicals which may damage cells [12] and therefore it is important that NO and iNOS be tightly regulated [49].
The finding suggests that sex may have evolved to cope with environmental stresses that generate free radicals.
These effects may be mediated via modulation of enzyme systems that generate free radicals [ 11, 12].
Though iron is essential for a number of cellular functions, capability of free iron to generate free radicals via the Fenton reaction may be associated with induction of oxidative stress [ 10].
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