Since then, several animal studies have supported the concept that maternal malnutrition during pregnancy may exert long-term changes in the offspring [5], [6].
Bisphosphonates are retained over time in the skeleton and may exert long-term effects and their biological half-lives may vary and depend on the rate of bone turnover, potency, and binding affinity of each one to bone.
Future experiments will involve detailed analysis of cellular and molecular events contributing to long-term effects in testis development including epigenetic aberrations that may exert long-term perturbations in gene expression.
The optimal duration of therapy with BPs is still unknown but since they are retained over time in the skeleton and may exert long-term effects, a 5 7 year course is probably safe and effective on the basis of clinical trial data.
DES exposure in utero may also exert long-term effects on female endocrine function, possibly leading to permanent dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis and alterations in hormone biosynthesis in adult women (Assies 1991; Peress et al. 1982; Wu et al. 1980).
Do wives' higher status positions exert long-term effects on their marriages?
The latter could be problematic in that persistent microglia activation can exert long-term deleterious effects on neurons and behavior.
We do not deny that increased family size can exert long-term influence on aspects of culture and social control.
Epigenetic alterations can be mitotically inherited in somatic cells and can exert long-term effect on gene expression.
Maternal nutrients affecting one-carbon metabolism during gestation can exert long-term effects on the health of the progeny.
Physical activity can also exert long-term effects on improvement in insulin sensitivity through increased fat-free mass (10).
