Since then, several animal studies have supported the concept that maternal malnutrition during pregnancy may exert long-term changes in the offspring [5], [6].
Future experiments will involve detailed analysis of cellular and molecular events contributing to long-term effects in testis development including epigenetic aberrations that may exert long-term perturbations in gene expression.
Bisphosphonates are retained over time in the skeleton and may exert long-term effects and their biological half-lives may vary and depend on the rate of bone turnover, potency, and binding affinity of each one to bone.
The optimal duration of therapy with BPs is still unknown but since they are retained over time in the skeleton and may exert long-term effects, a 5 7 year course is probably safe and effective on the basis of clinical trial data.
Exposure to androgens early in development, while activating adaptive aggressive behavior, may also exert long-lasting effects on non-target components of phenotype.
DES exposure in utero may also exert long-term effects on female endocrine function, possibly leading to permanent dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis and alterations in hormone biosynthesis in adult women (Assies 1991; Peress et al. 1982; Wu et al. 1980).
Permanent fillers may exert very long-lasting effects, but in case of unwanted adverse effects, the complete removal of the material may be necessary.
Our results suggest that ethanol exposure during neurodevelopment may exert its long-term effects by altering the expression of regulatory miRNAs, which may then reduce the expression of a number of target genes that may contribute to the spectrum of phenotypes observed in FASD.
These responses to vapours indicated that vapour treatments may exert a "memory or long-lasting" effect, potentially through the "priming" of fruit tissue responses to subsequent challenge [ 36] and possible increasing defence-related mechanisms in fruit.
