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These agents may exert both a direct effect upon joint cartilage and indirect effects on subchondral bone, synovium, muscle, tendons and ligaments.
Studies of the functional role of CGG repeats in the 5'UTR of the human FMR1 gene demonstrated that these repeats may exert both positive and negative effects on the efficiency of translation of FMR1 mRNA, depending on repeat length.
Since secreted nucleotides are potent stimulators which may exert both autocrine and paracrine effects, our focus in these experiments was to determine the expression and location of cell-surface ecto-hydrolytic members of the NTPD family (NTPD1, -2, -3, and -8).
It may exert both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects depending on its overall concentration [ 32].
However, a recent study suggests that a particular lncRNA may exert both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions in PCa [ 81].
However, another important point to consider is that Müller cells may exert both neuroprotective and detrimental effects during retinal degeneration.
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Internal-to-programme summative assessment may well exert both a stronger and a more pervasive influence on learning than other assessment practices in higher education (HE), however.
Hence, NO may be exerting both protective and pathological action, depending upon the concentration produced [ 41].
Rumination is a well-established vulnerability factor for depression that may exert deleterious effects both independently and in interaction with stress.
Thus EPA may exert effects on both the generation of inflammatory mediators and on the resolution of inflammatory processes.
A key molecular mechanism by which hypercapnia may exert its effects, both beneficial and deleterious, is through the NF-κB transcription factor.
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