Information bias, or a systematic error in measuring disease or exposure status, may be introduced when the way in which information is gathered varies systematically: for example, when two interviewers, one in a city and the other in a rural area, do not perform the interview in the same way, consequent differences in results may be erroneously attributed to area of habitation.
In addition, when considering maternal safety associated with the first trimester of pregnancy, symptoms such as fatigue, tendency to sleep and dehydration, may be erroneously attributed to the drug, rather than to both pregnancy and NVP.
Although frank auditory disorientation is described infrequently, difficulty interacting with complex auditory environments is commonly experienced by patients with Alzheimer's disease and may be erroneously attributed to age related peripheral hearing impairment.
Other features of HD include dizziness, weakness and apathy, all of which may erroneously be attributed to other causes or simply ascribed to the ageing process, meaning that dehydration may not be recognised [ 21].
If a recently-vaccinated person develops AES, their illness may erroneously be attributed to JE if IgM is detected in serum, even though there is no IgM in the CSF.
However, we have used three different estimates since beginning this work, with consistent results.Some researchers challenge ecological studies because they may lead to erroneously attributing illness at the group level to the individual.
When we fail to do so in the Isla Vista and Sandy Hook cases, we miss the mark and erroneously attribute blame to the autism community.
Thus, failure to identify smokers who quit after ascertainment or who reduced the number of cigarettes smoked during pregnancy may lead to information bias, erroneously attributing the association found to smoking rather than to its reduction.
Dysphagia related to dysmotility may be underdiagnosed in this population or erroneously attributed to cardiac disease.
Genetic analyses performed in different environmental settings may erroneously lead to attributing an identical phenotype to different genes [ 29].
