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Furthermore, recent in vitro and in vivo experimental data showed that apoCIII may directly induce endothelial dysfunction via inhibition of insulin-induced activation of Akt resulting in reduced nitric oxide (NO) release and subsequent impaired vasodilation [ 40].
The proposed reason for improved densification in cyclic pressure is that the pressure changes (ΔP) may directly induce plastic deformation due to elastic mismatch strains that develop between the metal and ceramic phases.
While many pathogenic organisms produce exotoxins, endotoxins or other virulence factors that may directly induce inflammation, Bb is generally assumed not to produce toxins or directly cause tissue damage [16], [17], [36].
In contrast, we avoided the use of exogenous cytokines, such as M-CSF, for differentiating monocytes into macrophages, since it may directly induce the expression of several genes [48], [49] and even influence retroviral replication [50].
The immediate, transient increases in Lp observed with B31-A3 spent medium perfusion indicate that Bb not only can induce the expression of adhesion and proinflammatory molecules in endothelia resulting in leukocyte adhesion and migration [6], [38], but may directly induce increases in microvessel permeability through calcium-associated endothelial cell activation.
Since invasion and colonization of epithelial surfaces by pathogenic bacteria is usually associated with damage to epithelial barriers [15], [16], we hypothesized that detection of microbial patterns by ECs may directly induce a homeostatic repair program necessary for the maintenance of epithelial integrity.
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We tested pro-inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α and IL-1β in the medium, and we found that LPS exposure does increase the contents of TNF-α and IL-1β; however, HMGB1 does not increase the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, implying that HMGB1 may not directly induce cytokines but that it may promote the effect of some inflammatory molecules46.
This observation suggests that expression of Ets1 may not directly induce cell proliferation, but rather induce changes in the differentiation program of the suprabasal cells that cause the basal cells to undergo a dramatic proliferative response.
Pulmonary infection may thus directly induce tumor progression in NSCLC.
Hospital care may also directly induce services provided by PCP's before and after hospitalization.
Furthermore, bacterial factors may also directly induce apoptosis (Galmiche et al. 2000).
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