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Tryptase may directly activate the proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), a G-protein coupled receptor expressed by pancreatic nerves, important in the pathogenesis of pain in pancreatitis [ 33, 34].
The activated Bim may directly activate pro-apoptotic Bax, or indirectly activate Bax by binding anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (e.g., Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) [67], [68].
The observations that increased concentrations of S1P are found in BAL of asthmatic individuals following allergen challenge (14) and that infiltration of ASM by mast cells is associated with disordered airway function in asthma (32) suggest that S1P produced locally by activated mast cells may directly activate ASM cells.
Antigen-antibody complexes formed between ADAMTS13 and anti-ADAMTS13 IgG antibodies may directly activate the classical complement pathway, leading to downstream activation of C3 and formation of C3a.
One possibility might be that an unopposed activity of ERK in the context of DUSP6 deficiency may directly activate the ATM-CHEK2 signalling.
Therefore, we hypothesized that Ninj1 may directly activate macrophages.
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Please note that p80HT may also directly activate the transcription of cyclin D1, cyclin D2 and survivin genes.
This was interpreted to suggest that neural reflexes are important for physiological (endogenous) GLP1 levels to stimulate insulin secretion, whereas at supra-physiological levels, the higher peripheral plasma concentrations may also directly activate the pancreatic β cell GLP1R.
Therefore, in our Met model, due to the activation of PI3-K, OPN gene expression may be directly activated via PI3-K, or it may be activated further downstream or via cross-talk through the MAPK pathway.
The latter may be directly activated by ROS formation [64], opening the possibility that the NO-redox state of the myocardium may directly affect protein phosphorylation and the inotropic state, independent of adrenergic receptor stimulation.
Taking these data together, since rmNinj11 50 includes N-terminal region where the homophilic binding domain is lcoated19,20, it may have directly activated macrophages by interacting with Ninj1 on macrophages.
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