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Alternatively, or in addition, supermarket environments (e.g., range, price, promotions) may influence purchases, 22, 23, 24, 25 and this environment may differ systematically between supermarkets in different price tiers.
Consequently, children with an identical diagnostic profile but of different age or gender may differ systematically from each other not only with respect to their deviation from age and gender specific population means but also by their genetic profile.
36 International trials need to harmonise the training of investigators, patient selection, treatment management, thresholds to centre admission, access to facilities, ascertainment of endpoints and, by implication, results of interest 37 44 since it is possible that in centres in different countries these factors may differ systematically.
If hospitals have different admission thresholds, unobserved severity may differ systematically across hospitals [ 28].
Because students with alternative instructors may differ systematically from other students, the paper uses two empirical strategies: course fixed effects and a value-added instructor model.
The amount of effort put into searching for more closely matched positions may differ systematically between graduates with general and specialized credentials.
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The clinicians may also differ systematically in interpreting VA data based on their experience and/or exposure to the local epidemiology of diseases, which may lead to inconsistencies in reporting on the cause of death.
To avoid confounding effects from the possibility that individuals that die at a young age are overrepresented at early ages and may also differ systematically from longer lived individuals, we only included crickets that at some point were re-caught at 30 days old or older.
In long duration longitudinal studies using this design, right censoring may be a problem in that the patients with the longest RA duration may be survivors and differ systematically from non-participants (non-survivors).
4 The selective occurrence and biased handling of protocol deviations and losses to follow-up may lead to results that differ systematically from the true values.
If individuals with different application durations differ systematically in terms of both observable and unobservable characteristics, right-censoring may potentially create biases for our analysis.
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