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This may create bias when comparing two prediction methods using training data with different sizes.
This may create bias during the selection of differentially expressed genes.
However, including information a priori may create bias that influences posterior inferences.
Missing data also may create bias or the need for multiple imputation techniques (Moons et al, 2009b).
Use of treatment episode as the unit of analysis may create bias, because 1 patient may have been initiated on several medications over time, thus contributing multiple episodes.
The use of reduced data sets may create bias in the estimates as REML only provides unbiased estimates of variance components when all the data on which selection has taken place is included in the analysis [ 7].
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Our findings imply that in the absence of immediate incentives, many students put forth low effort on standardized tests, which may create biases in measures of student ability, teacher value added, school quality, and achievement gaps.
These identification problems may create biased estimates of the impact of VR on employment outcomes that make it more difficult to make conclusive statements about the effectiveness of VR initiatives, especially when combined with differences in programs and study populations.
As the true outcome for subjects dropping out is unknown, any imputation may create biased results.
The assumption that all animals are related may create biases especially when animals of interest have both phenotypes and genotypes.
However, applying this model may create biased genetic parameters for uniformity [ 30] and thus requires that repeated records from the same individuals are used to minimise the bias of genetic parameters [ 12].
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