Other tissues within the male genital tract, such as the vesicular glands, which produce the majority of seminal fluid, and the vasa deferentia, may also contribute membrane vesicles to the seminal plasma [ 45].
Since GFP-M6 localizes at the ZOC and at the microvilli of FC, and its downregulation induces epithelial monolayer disruption, M6 may contribute to membrane remodeling processes such as cell-cell adhesion, changes in cell shape, signaling and membrane trafficking, and thus be essential for maintaining the FE integrity, although additional experiments are required to confirm this hypothesis.
We cannot currently exclude that these proteins may contribute to membrane remodelling in vivo, although overexpression of SNX5 in HeLa cells clearly does not result in membrane tubulation as is readily observed for SNX1 (Supplementary Figure S6A; Carlton et al, 2004; Wassmer et al, 2007).
These changes in monolayer morphology are associated with the diminished interfacial viscosity of the monolayers (measured using an interfacial stress rheometer), which gives insight as to how changes in phase and structure may contribute to membrane function.
These small proteins may contribute to membrane integrity or function.
Perhaps most intriguingly, phospholipid flippases may contribute to membrane curvature and budding by promoting bilayer asymmetry (Graham 2004).
At sufficient concentrations many different proteins with insertions may contribute to membrane fission, or curvature may be limited by associated scaffolds.
The lack of strict conservation of these residues suggests that other features of this region also may contribute to membrane targeting or assembly.
Multiple small release events that are not triggering an AP may contribute to membrane instability by a small increase in net inward NCX current.
Several intracellular compartments, including endoplasmic reticulum, late endosomes, and recycling endosomes may contribute to membrane formation of the phagosome through fusion events regulated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), such as VAMP3, VAMP7, and syntaxin 18 [ 30– 30].
