In summary, the results presented here suggest that fitness costs of immunological maintenance and deployment may constrain populations from achieving high levels of resistance, especially in food-limited environments.
More northern host populations had reduced resistance but exploitation and damage by weevils was even greater in these populations, suggesting that some unknown ecological factor may constrain resistance in northern host populations.
Although MOS-HIV is widely used in monitoring HIV-infected persons, it has noteworthy limitations that may constrain its applications to this population [ 50].
It is, however, suggested that allocating different drugs for treatment and prophylaxis may constrain resistance development in the population, and therefore reduce the use of antiviral courses [ 32].
However, population perturbations may constrain adaptability, for example, via enhancing inbreeding, affecting trait heritabilities and disturbing allele composition irrespective of natural selection [ 43– 43].
In these instances, persistently depressed population sizes may constrain their evolutionary potential, increase their susceptibility to stochastic changes, and compromise their long-term ability to adapt to environmental change.
In sum, this study revealed that although the MOS-HIV has been used widely in the monitoring of HIV-infected persons, it has noteworthy limitations that may constrain its applications in this population.
For example, divergence among populations can be caused by adaptation to different environments, or by chance differences in evolutionary history such as mutational order and drift, which may constrain subsequent evolution and promote divergence even when populations evolve in and adapt to the same environment [ 1- 5].
The government's actuaries expect it to start rising more quickly, as Obamacare expands insurance, the population ages and the economy recovers.There are factors that may constrain costs, however.
In the upper Salmon River basin of central Idaho, the paucity of returning adult salmon and catchment scale nutrient deficits may constrain freshwater productivity and effectively limit efforts to recover salmon and steelhead populations.
