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Recently, further studies have claimed that M2e-based vaccines may confer immune protection against zoonotic strains [24].
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In addition, studies from animal experiments have shown that alkamides form Echinacea extracts may confer immune-modulatory activities [ 35, 36].
Increased expression of these genes in pregnant animals may confer innate immune protection against potential bacterial infection during a time of local immune suppression, as occurs during pregnancy [ 55].
Somewhat surprisingly, recent data also suggest that red cell mediated delivery may confer tolerogenic immune effects.
We have previously shown that this fraction may confer an immune-modulatory effect in human dendritic cells [ 14, 20].
Efficient encapsulation techniques that confer immune isolation while providing adequate exchange of nutrients to islet cells may allow long-term survival after transplantation using short-term or lower levels of immunosuppression (systemically or locally) (61).
However, in the case of MSCs, this may not always be necessary as it has been shown that MSCs can be used to modulate host immune systems and confer immune suppression function.
Together these effector molecules confer immune defense against various intracellular bacterial infections including C. pneumoniae [10].
The competition for survival factors (i.e. passive attrition) is one of several proposed mechanisms by which infectious diseases may confer protection from immune system disorders.
Cytokines play a pivotal role in the regulation of the type and magnitude of the immune response, and the polymorphic nature of the cytokine genes may confer flexibility on the immune response.
Tumour-infiltrating innate and adoptive immune cells may confer both tumour-growth-promoting and -inhibiting effects (de Visser et al, 2006).
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