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Degradation and habitat patchiness of these systems may cause declines in avian species that are obligate breeders or use these habitats as corridors during migration.
For example, disturbances such as fires or anthropogenic activities may cause declines in native plant species while allowing non-native invasive plants to colonize (Lake and Leishman 2004; Hill et al. 2005; MacDougall and Turkington 2005; Coffman et al. 2010).
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Reduction of IRS1 level in contrast may cause decline of glucokinase (GK) expression level, and may increase glucose levels in the blood [9], [10].
21 On the other hand, the causal pathway leading to inflammation and disability may cause decline in functional ability.
Former hay meadows, currently grazed, did not differ in any diversity estimate from abandoned hay meadows, indicating that change of management from mowing to grazing a century ago may cause diversity declines similar to abandonment some 40 years ago.
This period is after release of CHOIR [ 12] and CREATE [ 13] study results, which produced a change in ESA dosing and hemoglobin levels, and before implementation of the Medicare reimbursement bundle, which may cause further declines in ESA doses and hemoglobin levels.
We agree with their interpretation that it is most likely that there is a bi-directional relationship: a decline in physical functioning (i.e. increasing frailty) may cause a decline in psychological well-being and vice versa.
Toxic materials may cause serious decline in stem cell function and loss of stemness.
Toxic materials may cause serious decline in stem cell function and loss of stemness7.
Knowledge of factors that may cause the declining numbers is required for the planning of conservation programmes.
Direct and indirect effects of disturbance may cause the decline of specialist species and alter the condition of ecological communities.
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