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Enlargement may cause compression of the urethra with progressive obstruction of the flow of urine, incomplete emptying, or inability to void; there may also be a constant dribbling of urine.
Large congenital tumors may cause compression of vital structures or cardiovascular complications, and in these cases, MRI is the method of choice to determine the mass extension and its relationship to the adjacent anatomical structures (Fig. 3c, d).
Extended use of braces or wheelchairs may cause compression neuropathy, as well as a loss of proper function of the veins in the legs, due to pooling of blood in paralyzed lower limbs.
The etiology of PH may differ between airway devices, e.g. after an ETT it may result from direct trauma to the vocal cords causing edema [ 35], while the cuff in the LMA may cause compression of the laryngeal nerve [ 36].
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The cysts are most commonly located in the mediastinum (mediastinal bronchogenic cysts) adjacent to the tracheobronchial tree but do not communicate with it and may cause extrinsic compression (Fig. 14).
Osteoporosis is one of the most important abnormalities because it may cause vertebral compression fractures and deteriorate pulmonary function.
Peritoneal involvement may be seen as huge peritoneal masses (Fig. 2), peritoneal nodules (Fig. 4), and serosal implants that may cause extrinsic compression of the bowel.
In addition, surgeries with prone position may cause sustained compression of the globe leading to central retinal artery or vein occlusion [ 3].
Paraspinal tumours may cause myelum compression, resulting in neurological symptoms, such as motor weakness, pain and sensory loss, which can be medical emergencies (Maris 2010; Park 2008).
Otherwise, it is clinically apparent at birth as a large cervical mass, which if of sufficient size, may cause airway compression.
Of these, osteoporosis is one of the most important abnormalities because it may cause vertebral compression fractures (VCF) that can deteriorate pulmonary function.
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