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Not equal-interval scale may cause biased scale.
Ignoring the survey sampling weights may cause biased estimators and erroneous confidence intervals.
However, strong similarities exist between models (members of an ensemble) which may cause biased climate response toward models with strong similarities.
For these per-assay analyses, it is desirable to exclude bioassays with too small number of non-inactives, because those small-size assays may cause biased results.
Factors like mixing, turbulence, light spectrum and exchange rate through discontinuity layers are very important for biological processes and, if different from the natural environment, may cause biased results as compared to the natural environment.
In general, we conclude that imputation methods can provide a suitable alternative to dummy coding, which is flawed by some conceptual problems and may cause biased mean proficiency estimates if the proportion of missing values on the background variables is substantial (Rutkowski [2011]).
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When data are missing, analyzing records that are completely observed may cause bias or inefficiency.
WRF outputs have higher precision than do observations, which may cause biases in WRF output.
In this paper we discuss issues around external generalizability of single-center studies, and methodological issues that may cause bias.
Our results show that disregarding value uncertainty may cause bias by underestimating true uncertainty in the opportunity set.
Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) may cause bias when compliance is poor.
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