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In cutaneous melanoma, microscopic level of invasion (Breslow index), overall architecture of cells (horizontal or vertical growth phase), angiogenesis, vessel invasion are morphological features which may carry prognostic significance.
Recently, one study has shown that PIK3CA mutations may carry prognostic information in tumor stages I III [24].
Since SOX11 is variably expressed in MCL it may not be essential for tumorigenesis, but may carry prognostic information.
A recent study suggested that mutations in PI3K catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) may carry prognostic information in tumour stage I III (Ogino et al, 2009), and that PIK3CA/PTEN deregulation, in addition to KRAS and BRAF mutations, may be a biomarker of resistance (Perrone et al, 2009; Sartore-Bianchi et al, 2009).
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Hernández-romero et al. similarly found that presurgical hsTnT elevation was associated with the development of POAF events, unlike the N terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) [ 34], whereas Laine argued that cardiac troponin may not carry prognostic information in asymptomatic patients who lack electrocardiography changes [ 35].
Thus, they could be related to disease activity and may potentially also carry prognostic information.
There have also been several reports of various biological markers that may carry some prognostic significance.
It was recently reported that PIK3CA mutations in different exons may carry different prognostic values.
Nevertheless, it may be important to make this distinction because the two types of CIL may carry different prognostic implications for the development of new bone (see below).
For example, whereas circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may carry additional prognostic information in primary breast cancer (Lucci et al, 2012; Rack et al, 2014), available evidence does not support the use of imaging, serum protein markers, and CTCs for routine monitoring after primary surgery (Khatcheressian et al, 2013; Theriault et al, 2013).
Some earlier studies indicated that sleep spindles carry prognostic information [35].
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