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"Even though some digital sales may be substitutions from print, one of the great impacts that the digital business has is people spend more minutes a day reading.
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One of the possible bleaching pathways may be substitution of the chlorine atoms by hydroxide ions or water.
As the price of the cheaper, non-filtered domestic increases, there may be substitution toward the filtered domestic brand, and, as the filtered domestic cigarettes increases, there may be more substitution towards the filtered cigarettes with foreign tobacco.
He thinks mediation may be a substitution for guns, economic boycotts & the like.
Thus, from their perspective, there may be a substitution effect between monitoring by the board and by other forms of governance.
Also, there may be some substitution of electric and/or hybrid electric vehicles for vehicles that employ internal combustion engines alone.
They have found either no sizable effect of immigration on natives or a very small positive effect on natives, suggesting that there may be limited substitution between immigrants and natives in immigrant-receiving metropolitan areas (Altonji and Card 1991; Butcher and Card 1991; LaLonde and Topel 1991; Shoeni 1997; Card 2005).
Subtype B' isolates were also more sensitive than CRF01_AE isolates to TAK779 (P = 0.013) and maraviroc (P = 0.036), which may be associated with substitutions N300S, K305T and Q328K in V3 loop in gp120 of all CRF01_AE isolates.
It may be that multiple substitutions destroy synapomorphies (process of signal erosion), homoplasies can accumulate along "long branches".
However, in the case of few substitutions, it may be preferable to pool the substitutions first.
Properties of these materials may be modified by substitution of gadolinium for yttrium and aluminum or gallium for iron.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com