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And some of the indicators (e.g. patient length of stay) may be proxy measures for costs.
Parental concerns about specific areas of development, or specialist referral may be proxy markers of abnormal development[ 10, 11].
Moreover, some risk factors identified may be proxy variables to the true risk exposure, e.g. a new sex partner might be predictive to frequency of intercourse.
Number of lifetime sex partners, which may be proxy for cumulative exposure impact [ 40], was only found to be associated with HPV infection in older women.
Another caveat is that the sources that were observed to be associated with mortality may be proxy markers of exposure for unmeasured elements or sources that are the underlying causes of the associations.
However, it is important to bear in mind that the predictors identified do not necessarily represent causal relationships, but may be proxy markers for other risk factors, for instance social vulnerability or socio-economic status.
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The many variables found to be associated with evolution acceptance may be proxies for factors such as trust in science and scientists.
Furthermore, PRS analysis has been used to probe different responses to pharmacological treatment as aberrant drug responses may be proxies or even regarded as endophenotypes.
Second, haplotypes may be proxies for untyped causal markers [ 35].
Our contextual indicators may be proxies for underlying factors that we cannot pinpoint with certitude.
These variables may be proxies for the intensity of exposure to imported cattle.
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