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In addition, there may be pretreatment differences that were not recorded, called hidden bias.
There may be pretreatment differences that were not recorded, called hidden biases, and addressing these is a central concern.
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Both factors may represent a×b treatment combinations, or one of them may be a pretreatment covariate.
Although it might seem intuitive that smaller particle sizes improve enzyme effectiveness because of their higher surface area to volume ratio, it may be that pretreatment disrupts biomass particles and increases accessible surface area and pore volume sufficiently that differences caused by particle size are masked [ 23, 24].
Genetic influences on smoking cessation treatment outcome may be affected by pretreatment patient characteristics.
Chlorination by-products may be formed during pretreatment or posttreatment disinfection in reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems, potentially posing health, aesthetic and ecological risks.
Remarkably, the complex plant cell wall lignin depolymerization property of laccases (fungi and bacteria) has been vital in the deconstruction of residual lignin that may be present after pretreatment.
The glucose-mediated reduction of mitochondrial ROS may be inhibited by pretreatment with IA but not with UK.
Collagen-induced arthritis may be prevented by pretreatment with antigen-specific immature DCs or TNF-matured DCs.
Baseline serum LDH may be a potential pretreatment predictive biomarker for the benefits conferred by mTOR inhibitors in patients with poor-risk RCC (Armstrong et al, 2012).
For example, many patients treated with interferon beta experience influenza-like symptoms, and although these may be managed by pretreatment with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, some patients may discontinue treatment.
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