This suggests that the effects of neighbor location on performance may be causal.
Observed associations may be causal or result from uncontrolled confounds related to family upbringing.
Any SNP in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a reported risk SNP may be causal, and the number of such LD SNPs are often from dozens to thousands6.
The extent to which these associations may be causal is discussed, with further research recommended to strengthen the evidence on which determinations of causality may be based.
Still, there is good reason to believe the link may be causal because other studies have found that we can change the activity in the self-control network, and increase healthy behaviors, with simple behavioral interventions.
Using the U.S. General Social Survey, we document that homeowners invest more in social capital; a simple instrumental variables strategy suggests that the relationship may be causal.
While there may be causal influences upon my choice, there need not be, and any such causal influence is wholly irrelevant to understanding why it occurs.
Similar changes were seen in monkeys who were less social, suggesting that these connections, which the authors say may be causal, are similar across at least some social species.
This finding suggests that the association between dysnatremia and mortality may be causal and could be improved by timely correction, although conclusive evidence should come from a randomized trial.
In the context of cerebellar cortical function in SCZ, alteration in expression of genes may be causal, consequential, compensatory, or the result of confounding factors.
Consideration should also be given to the possibility that there may be causal mechanisms or confounding factors associated with both high SES and vulnerability to ASD.
