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Besides these considerations on the treatment of noise, the way to represent social ties may vary as well: they may be binary, weighted, symmetric or directed.
To reduce signaling cost, the report may be binary (hard decision), consisting of zeros (primary user not present) and ones (primary user present).
The grouping variable (or exogenous variable) g may be binary, such as male/female, or may have multiple categories.
The item response (x i ) may be binary (e.g. yes/no) or ordered categorical (e.g. good/fair/poor).
Nudge++TM allows creation of an arbitrary number of cell 'states' which may be binary flags, quantitative variables or more complex types such as vectors or larger data structures.
Each network G is represented by an adjacency matrix A, whose entries Aspecify the edge between vertices i and j: The entries of the adjacency matrix may be binary, with A ij = 1 indicating the presence of an edge between i and j, and A ij = 0 its absence.
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Some of these may even be binary-encoded with internal structures that can be poorly documented or hidden for proprietary reasons.
Information may be XML, binary data, or other content, and is contained and transported in messages.
It is also suspected that the central star of the nebula may be a binary star.
The relationships may be unary, binary or k-nary, all of which are supported by BioDEAL.
The classification of images by the "race" and "gender" attributes is binary or may be reduced to a binary one.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com