A consequence of feeding in a flock is that foraging sites may be restricted to avoid competition with other species.
To avoid competition, it may be necessary to root-or shoot-prune trees, use species with 'reverse phenology,' or adopt sequential planting of trees and crops to permit spatial complementarity in resource capture.
Individuals with traits that cause them to avoid competition with one species may be forced to compete more with others.
By not dispersing as far as their potential rivals, it may be that these individuals can still avoid competition for a carcass with beetles that had a more favourable developmental environment.
Classical theory suggests that individuals may disperse in order to change their environment [ 2- 4], to avoid competition with kin [ 5- 8], to avoid inbreeding [ 9- 11], or a combination of the above [ 12- 16].
In such circumstances, a vector may adopt a strategy of specializing to a smaller group of species in order to avoid competition.
To avoid competition with other territorial breeding birds, nearby breeding opportunities should be removed or blocked.
To avoid competition with agricultural food production, salt marsh species should be tested in the P-MFC, because there is no competition for arable land (Galvani 2007).
A preliminary study at Ranomafana National Park in 1995 indicated the small-toothed sportive lemur may avoid competing with woolly lemurs for food (interspecific competition) by living in more disturbed areas of the park.
