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Moreover, the inaccuracy of 24 h urine collection may also over or underestimate CKD.
In addition, metabolic wastes may also over burden the cell cytoplasm that inhibits so many normal cellular functions and give rise to drug induced adverse effects.
The average risk of esophageal cancer with alcohol drinking is estimated to be 1.04-fold per drink/week [ 4], and the risk ratio may also over tenfold among heavy drinkers [ 5].
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Furthermore, parents may also over- or under-report problems in their child.
Lack of control for baseline function may also over-estimate the magnitude of treatment-related decrements in quality of life.
Individuals with a general tendency towards negative perceptions of material well-being may also over-report symptoms of health-related dysfunction (i.e. negative affectivity) [ 31].
31 Litter surveys may also over-represent the kinds of packs smoked by younger males, who are more likely to litter.
Participants may also over-rate the value of services for fear of losing access to services, either individually or through health policy changes.
Cases may provide a less accurate report of their past dietary habits, because unnoticed changes in intake may occur as cancer develops and becomes symptomatic (Botterweck et al, 1998); cancer patients may also over-report exposures perceived as causal.
Melanomas may also over-express growth factor receptors such as insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1-R) [ 51] and Axl [ 52] which can support constitutive activation of some components of the growth factor pathway.
Furthermore, both women and men have been found to under-report their exposure to violence in heterosexual intimate partnerships, [ 18] although some studies have found that men may also over-report such exposure while at the same time being perpetrators of IPV [ 49].
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