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There is scant research on how catheter use may affect sex, sexuality, and body image.
Furthermore, male gametocytes have been shown to have higher longevity in the blood meal (Reece et al., 2003) and are able to recognize genetically identical kin (Reece et al., 2008), both of which may affect sex ratios.
Second, position of the egg in the laying sequence of a clutch may affect sex ratio bias since manipulating the sex of the first eggs may be least costly to the mother.
For certain fish species, there is increasing evidence that temperature may affect sex determination [ 1, 2], which could explain the co-evolution of their widespread distribution and wide temperature tolerance range.
On the long term, a biased sex ratio is a serious threat to natural populations because it can considerably reduce genetically effective population sizes, drive sex chromosomes to extinction, and may affect sex ratios in some counterintuitive ways (Cotton and Wedekind 2009).
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The identity of allele combinations may also affect sex expression because the progeny derived from selfing and outcrossing of the hermaphroditic parents exhibited different sex ratios (χ2 = 18.0, df = 2, P < 0.001) (Table 2).
Because concurrence of both oocyte maturation and cervical mucus liquefaction is modulated by estrogens before the midcycle, any perturbations to the endogenous estrogenic milieu caused by endocrine disruptors may theoretically affect sex ratio (Jongbloet 2004).
Queens may also affect sex ratios, but a queen's matrigenes and patrigenes are not differently related to sons and daughters, so there is no reason to expect them to be imprinted under the conflict theory.
There is limited evidence that other occupational and environmental exposures may affect the sex ratio.
In addition, temporal fluctuations in the relative numbers of breeders from each category may affect operative sex ratio and thus Nb and Ne.
A prevailing hypothesis is that endocrine disruptors such as DES may affect secondary sex ratio through changes in hormonal concentrations around the time of conception (James 1987).
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