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Genital and urinary infections, including asymptomatic bacteriuria, may affect preterm birth.
Drawing on the most recent literature and in the light of data from the 2013 European Perinatal Health Report [ 1▪▪], our review focuses on population characteristics, reproductive policies as well as medical practices, which may affect preterm birth rates.
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"This work gives us more information about the inflammation pathway that is suspected to affect preterm birth and about the genetic variants that may, in combination with exposures, affect a woman's risk of preterm birth".
Treatment, however, did not significantly affect preterm delivery or other adverse perinatal outcomes [ 30].
Social factors affect the risk of very preterm birth and may affect subsequent outcomes in those born preterm.
Preterm birth may affect the formation of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and foveal depression, and displacement of inner retinal layers away from the incipient fovea.
There is emerging evidence that preterm birth may affect stress responsiveness in later life, in particular the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis [ 10- 12].
Furthermore, preterm birth may affect the differentiation of neurons in the subplate, possibly disturbing laminar organization, axonal guidance, and proper connectivity (Judas et al. 2005).
We have previously evaluated whether standard fortification with different amounts of HMFs (the low dose being 3% and the higher 5%) may affect GOR features in symptomatic preterm infants [ 62].
However, the impact of an extremely preterm birth on mother infant co-regulation and affective intensity which may affect early infant's development has not been investigated.
Another hypothesis is that the effect of sunshine on vitamin D levels may affect fetal growth [ 34] and risk of preterm delivery [ 38].
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